{"id":19566,"date":"2021-06-05T01:56:48","date_gmt":"2021-06-04T22:26:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hamanandjoo.ir\/?p=19566"},"modified":"2023-12-06T11:59:38","modified_gmt":"2023-12-06T08:29:38","slug":"%d9%be%d8%b1%d8%b3%d8%b4%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af-%d9%81%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%af%d9%87-%da%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c%db%8c-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hamanandjoo.ir\/?p=19566","title":{"rendered":"\u067e\u0631\u0633\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u2013 \u0641\u0631\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0633\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u060c\u0648 \u2026 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627 \u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u06a9\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u0647\u062f\u0641<\/strong>: \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u00a0\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062f\u0631\u00a0 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644:\u00a06<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f:\u00a01<\/p>\n

\u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644: word 2007<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a: \u0641\u0642\u0637 1500 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

\t
\n\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644<\/span> <\/span><\/a>\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u062f \u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0634\u062f\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\"\"
\u067e\u0631\u0633\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u2013 \u0641\u0631\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u2013 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc – \u06cc\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0645 (Utilitarianism)<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0646\u0627\u0645\u00a0 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u06f1\u06f9 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f \u060c \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a<\/span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645<\/span>\u00a0.\u00a0<\/span>\u062c\u06cc\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 . \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u0644 . \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u062f \u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 …\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0634\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062e\u0628 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0686\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06af\u0647:<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u00ad\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u00ad\u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0648 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0628\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u00ad\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u062c\u0632 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b\u200c \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0630\u062a\u00ad\u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u00ad\u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647\u00ad\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0642\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0630\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.[11]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n

[1]<\/span>\u00a0–\u00a0<\/strong>Utilitarianism\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[2]<\/span>.<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Aristippus of Cyrene\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[3]<\/span>\u00a0–\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u0631.\u06a9:\u00a0\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 (\u062d\u06a9\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc<\/em>)\u060c \u0698\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c (\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0631\u063a\u060c 1355)\u060c \u063542.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[4]<\/span>\u00a0–\u00a0<\/strong>\u0631.\u06a9: \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[5]<\/span>\u00a0–\u00a0<\/strong>\u0631.\u06a9: \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635 42 \u2013 44.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[6]<\/span>\u00a0–\u00a0<\/strong>\u0631.\u06a9:\u00a0\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u00a0 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc<\/em>\u060c\u200c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u06cc\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0648\u00a0 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u060c (\u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u0648\u00a0 \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0647\u060c 1384)\u060c \u0635 134.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[7]<\/span>\u00a0–\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>Jeremie Bentham<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[8]<\/span>\u00a0–\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>John Stuart Mill<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[9]<\/span>\u00a0–\u00a0<\/strong>\u0631.\u06a9:\u00a0\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u00a0 \u062f\u06cc\u0646<\/em>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u060c (\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0622\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u060c 1382)\u060c \u063564.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[10]<\/span>\u00a0–\u00a0<\/strong>\u0631.\u06a9:\u00a0\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 (\u062d\u06a9\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc<\/em>)\u060c \u0698\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c (\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0631\u063a\u060c 1355)\u060c \u0635 51.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062e\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0645<\/span>(Utilitarianism)\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u062a\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0639<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0649 \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0649 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0649 \u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0650 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0630\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06491 \u06cc\u06a9\u0649 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u06422 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u062f. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0628\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0648 \u0642\u0628\u062d \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0648 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.3<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9\u0649 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0641) \u0641\u0636\u06cc\u0644\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u0636\u06cc\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c4 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0649 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u06455 (1919 – 2001\u0645) \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 (1957\u0645) \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f)6 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u062f.7 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0648 \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0636\u06cc\u0644\u062a \u0648 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0649 \u0641\u0636\u06cc\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0649\u060c<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u06318 \u0627\u0633\u062a.9<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0628) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u06cc\u0641\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u064710 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a \u06cc\u06a9\u0649 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064911 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u064912 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0633<\/span>\u00a0(W.D. Ross<\/span>\u060c<\/span>1877 – 1971<\/span>\u0645) \u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0638\u0627\u06cc\u0641 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u062c) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u064713 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u064914 \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0649 \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0648\u0637<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0622\u062f\u0645\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0648 \u067e\u0649 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f.15 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u064916 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0648 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064917 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0631\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a.18<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0650 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064919 \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u064920 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0649 \u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u062c\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u062721 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0649 \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0649 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f22 \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u064923 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064924 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0650 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0630\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0649 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0641\u06a9\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0649 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u062e\u062a\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f25 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0649\u060c26 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0649 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0650 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06af\u0631\u0649 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0633<\/span>(Clued Helvetius<\/span>\u060c<\/span>\u00a01715 – 1771<\/span>\u0645) \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0648 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0632\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.27<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u06a9 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0650 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u060c<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0649 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0622\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u0649 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0647 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u06cc\u0637\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634\u0649 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u0622\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u062e\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06af\u06cc\u0631 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0647\u0645\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0631\u062f.28 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u0645\u0649 \u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062e\u0648\u0634\u0649 \u0627\u0649 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062f.29<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u06cc\u0639\u064930 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0649 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u064931<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0649\u060c32 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0649 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u06cc\u0645.33<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 (\u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631) \u0627\u0633\u062a.34<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0649 \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0649 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u06cc\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0634 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f\u061f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0649\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0649 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0649 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0649 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0686\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0645\u061f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0649 \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0633\u0634 \u0645\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0649 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0649 \u062f\u0647\u062f<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641) \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u064735<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0648\u062836 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u062a37 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648\u060c (\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0644\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062f\u0631\u062f38 \u0628\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.)39<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0627\u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064940 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0649 \u062c\u0644\u0628<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0644\u0630\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0637\u06cc\u0646\u062a \u0648 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 (\u0644\u0630\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062f<\/span>)\u00a0<\/span>\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u0632 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0622\u062f\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a.41<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u060c (\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u062a\u060c \u0622\u062f\u0645\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0637\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648 \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a)42 \u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0634\u062a \u0648 \u0633\u062c\u06cc\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 (\u062f\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u062a) \u062c\u0647\u062a \u062f\u0647\u0649 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u062c\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648 \u0637\u06cc\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0649 \u062c\u0644\u0628<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0644\u0630\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u062c\u0633\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0630\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0649 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0648 \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0631\u0646\u062c \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0645. \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0648\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f; \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0641\u064943 \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0649\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0649\u060c \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0649. \u0627\u0649. \u0645\u0648\u063144 \u0628\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0645\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0622\u0644\u0649 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064945 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0649 \u0648 \u0641\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.46 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u06af\u0631\u062747 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0645\u060c \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u0649 \u062c\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0647\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u063448 \u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u06cc\u0641\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649\u060c49<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0646\u062a \u0632\u0627\u060c \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u06a9\u0645\u0649 \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0649 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0649 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0633\u0646\u062c50 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a.51 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f52 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0641\u06a9\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0649 \u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0631\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u0649 \u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0649 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0649 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0632\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0628\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.53<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0633\u0646\u062c\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0634\u062f\u062a\u060c54 \u0645\u062f\u062a\u060c55 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc\u062a56 \u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0631\u062857 (\u0646\u0642\u062f \u06cc\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647) \u062e\u0644\u0648\u063558 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062e\u06cc\u0632\u0649\u060c59 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0634\u0645\u0648\u064460 (\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062f)\u060c61 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u06a9\u0645\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0650 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u060c<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0632\u0646\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u063762 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0628 \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u064763 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.64\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0634 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0644\u0630\u062a \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0651\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0686\u0647 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u064965 \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062c\u0647\u062a\u060c \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0631<\/span>(Epicurus<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>341 -270 – B. C.)\u00a0<\/span>\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u067e\u0648\u0633<\/span>(Aristippus<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>500 – B.c)\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u0630\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0647\u0645\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0649 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c66 \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0630\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0647\u0645\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a67 \u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631.68 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062c\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u06a9\u0645\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u06a9\u0645\u064969 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u062c\u06cc\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u060c\u00a0<\/span>(Jims Mill<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>1773 – 1836<\/span>\u0645) \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0632<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628) \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u0644<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u064970 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f \u0622\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0646\u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0648 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0649<\/span>\u00a0Lype\u00a0<\/span>\u0648<\/span>\u00a0hedon\u00a0<\/span>\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0649 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u062d \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u0649 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647<\/span>\u00a0hedone\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0649 \u0631\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.71 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0630 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u2026 \u0628\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0644\u0630\u0627\u06cc\u0630\u0649 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0649 \u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062f.72<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648 \u067e\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631(\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u0649) \u0645\u0649 \u06af\u0641\u062a<\/span>:
\n<\/span>\u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u06a9\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u0642\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0649.73<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0649 \u0686\u0648\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0647\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c \u0622\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0649 \u062f\u0647\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0649 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0633\u0646\u062c \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0649\u060c<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0645\u0649 \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u06cc\u062b \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0633\u0646\u062c \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a74 \u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u067e\u0627\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0649 \u0622\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645\u060c<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u0634\u0648\u062f.75<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0649 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0650 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f.76<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644<\/span>\u00a0Happiness\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u0645<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u06cc\u0630 \u062d\u0633\u0649 \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648\u060c \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0650 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f.77<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u0649 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f. \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0650 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0648 \u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064978 \u062a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0649 \u0622\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0626\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.79<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062c) \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0650 \u0622\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u062c\u06cc\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u064780 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0645\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0649. \u0627\u0649. \u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u06a9 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627 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\u0628\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0649 \u06a9\u062b\u0631\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u064981 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0649 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u063a\u06cc\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 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\n<\/span>\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0650 \u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0649 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u064782 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0626\u0647 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0650 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u064783 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0649 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u062f84 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u06a9\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0633\u0646\u062c. \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0622\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064985 \u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0642\u0628<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a.86 \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a.87 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0622\u0646 (=\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0650 \u0622\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0649) \u0628\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0632<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0650 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.88<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0647\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0649 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0686\u0631\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0649 \u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0649 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\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0639\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06af\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0649 \u06a9\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0649 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u0649 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0649 \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u062e\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0648\u0634 \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0648\u06a9 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a. \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u0645\u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u064789 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0645\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u060c90 \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0650\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u06a9\u0645\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0622\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644<\/span>(B. W. Russell<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>1872 – 1901<\/span>\u0645) \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0686\u0631\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0649 \u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0649 \u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0649\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0628\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u064491 \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u060c<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u0650 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u067e\u0648\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f.92<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u0646\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a: \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0649 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0631\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 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\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0645\u0648\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u06a9\u0649 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c93 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c 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\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u062d\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0622\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0622\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u0648\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0686\u0631\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0648 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\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f) \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0650 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u064994<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0622\u0631. \u0627\u0645. \u0647\u0650\u0631\u060c95 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0622\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a96 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0645. \u0628\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0628\u0686\u0647 \u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0649.97 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0686\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f.98 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0622\u062f\u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0649<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0649 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062c \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a99 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0639\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0649 \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062f\u061f \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u061f \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u06cc\u062f (\u0645\u0647\u0645)\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0649\u060c<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f \u0628\u0647 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0686\u0647 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0648 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0649 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0649 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0649 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.100<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u06cc\u0649\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u061f101 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648 \u0628\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0647\u06cc\u0686<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0631\u06af \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u0634\u06cc\u0634\u0649 \u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0649\u060c \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0634\u062a\u061f<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u06a9\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0649 \u0648 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0649 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0630\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0646\u062c \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0648\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0646\u062a \u0622\u0631\u0648102 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0649103 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.104<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a \u0647\u0627<\/span>:
\n1. Normative Ethics
\n2. Ethics
\n3.\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0649<\/span>\u00a0(Applied Ethics)\u00a0<\/span>\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/span>\u00a0(Meta Ethics)\u00a0<\/span>\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649<\/span>\u00a0(Moral psychology)\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/span>.
\nSee: Encyclopedia of Ethic<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Edited By Lawrence. C. Becker and charlotte B. Becker Routledge<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>New York andLondon Routledge\u00a0<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>2001.
\n4. Virtue Ethics
\n5.\u00a0<\/span>\u06af\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u062a\u06af\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/span>.
\nSee: Diamond.\u00a0<\/span>\u0632<\/span>Anscomb. E<\/span>\u0633<\/span>\u00a0In: Encyclopedia of Ethics<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Edited by Lawrence C. Becker and Charlotte<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>B. Becker. New York and London<\/span>\u060c<\/span>\u00a0Routledge<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>2001 V1. P.74 -76.
\n6. Modern Moral Philosophy.
\n7.\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0631<\/span>\u00a0(Macintyre<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Alsdir)\u00a0<\/span>\u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0641\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u067e\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u062a<\/span>\u00a0(Philippa Foot) (1920)\u00a0<\/span>\u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f<\/span>.
\n8. Agent Centered
\n9. See: Crisp. Roger and Slote. Michal<\/span>\u060c \u0632<\/span>Virtue Ethics<\/span>\u0633<\/span>\u00a0in: The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Edited by Edward Craige: London<\/span>\u060c<\/span>\u00a0Routledge<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>1998<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>v.9<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.623 -625.
\n10. Deontological Theories
\n11. Divine Command Theory
\n12. Intuitionism
\n13. Teleological Theory
\n14. Rightness
\n15. See: Krosgaard. Ch.\u00a0<\/span>\u0632<\/span>Thelogical ethics<\/span>\u0633\u060c\u00a0<\/span>in The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>v.9<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.294.
\n16. Consequentialism
\n17. Moral utilitarianism
\n18. See: Crips<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>R & Chapel T.\u00a0<\/span>\u0632<\/span>Utilitarianism<\/span>\u0633<\/span>\u00a0in: The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>v.9<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.556.
\n19. Egoism
\nSee: Richmond Campel<\/span>\u060c \u0632<\/span>Egoism<\/span>\u0633<\/span>\u00a0in: Encyclopedia of Ethic<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Edited by Lawrence C. Becker and Charlotte<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>B. Becker. New York and London<\/span>\u060c<\/span>\u00a0Routledge<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>2001 V1. P.446 -451.
\n20. Altruism
\nSee: Blum Laerence\u00a0<\/span>\u0632<\/span>Altruism<\/span>\u0633<\/span>\u00a0in: Encyclopedia of Ethic<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>VI. p.50 -55.
\n21. Universal
\n22. Utility
\n23. Happiness
\n24. Welfare
\n25. Principle Of Utility
\n26. Principle Of Greatest Happiness
\n27. See: Crips<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>R & Chapel T.\u00a0<\/span>\u0632<\/span>Utilitarianism<\/span>\u0633<\/span>\u00a0in: The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Edited by Edward v.9<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.556<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>And See: Bentham<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Jeremy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Batches<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Book<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Kitcheners<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>2000<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Ch.I. & 4.
\n28. Bentham<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Jeremy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Ch.4<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>pp.31 -35.
\n29. See: Bentham<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Jeremy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>ibid<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Ch.4<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>pp.31 -35.
\n30. Aggregative
\n31. Total
\n<\/span>\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0649 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0(Average)\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0639<\/span>\u00a0(Total)\u00a0<\/span>\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span>.
\n32. Positive
\n<\/span>\u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u0649<\/span>\u00a0(Negative)\u00a0<\/span>\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0649 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u0649 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u067e\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0632\u062c\u0631 \u0648 \u0632\u062d\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u0649<\/span>\u00a0(Minimize Suffering)\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0645<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0631\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0648\u067e\u0631\u060c \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f<\/span>.
\nSee: Smart<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>J. J. Utilitarianism for and against<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>NewYork\/London<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Cambridge University Press<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>1973<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>pp.26 -28.
\n33. Maximizing Utility
\n34 .\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0649 \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0649 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u06af\u0631<\/span>\u00a0(Act Utilitarianism)\u00a0<\/span>\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u06af\u0631<\/span>\u00a0(Rule Utilitarianism)\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0631.\u06a9: \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0645\u060c \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c 1375\u060c \u0635\u063583 – 94<\/span>.
\n35. Hedonistic Utilitarianism
\n36. Good
\n37. Pleasure
\n38. Pain
\n39. Bentham<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Jeremy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Ch. 10<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.84.
\n40. Psychological Hedonism
\n41. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Ch.1<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.14 -15.
\n42. See: Ibid<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Ch.1<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.14.
\n43. Descriptive
\n44. G. E. Moore
\n<\/span>\u062c\u0649. \u0627\u0650\u0649. \u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0649<\/span>\u00a0(Intuitionism)\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0648 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u062f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645<\/span>\u00a0(J. Bentham)\u00a0<\/span>\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0644<\/span>\u00a0(J. S. Mill)\u00a0<\/span>\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647<\/span>\u00a0(Naturalistic fallacy)\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0651\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u062f \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0631.\u06a9: \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0642\u0645\u060c \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c 1375<\/span>.
\n45. Instrumental
\n46. Inherent
\n47. Monist
\n48. Value
\n49. Obligation
\n50. Felsitic Calculus (Hedonic Calculus)
\n51. Bentham<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Jeremy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Ch.4<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>pp.30 -35.
\n52. Diminution
\n53 .\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u06af\u0631<\/span>\u00a0(Act Utilitarian)\u00a0<\/span>\u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645<\/span>\u00a0(Direct utilitarian)\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u06af\u0631<\/span>\u00a0(Rule Utilitarianism)\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0649 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span>.
\n54. Intensity
\n55. Duration
\n56. Certainty
\n57. Propinquity
\n58. Purity
\n59. Fecundity
\n60. Extent
\n61 .\u00a0<\/span>\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0644\u0630\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0649 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0649 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0630 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0648 \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0633\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span>.
\n62. Simple
\n63. Complex
\n64. See: Bentham<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Jeremy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Batches<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Book<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Kitcheners<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>2000. Ch5<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>pp.35 -41.
\n65. Hedonism
\n66.\u00a0<\/span>\u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f: 1) \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062e\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a. 2) \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/span>.
\n67. Universalist
\n68. Egoist
\n69. Utilitarianism
\n70 .\u00a0<\/span>\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u0644<\/span>\u00a0(J. S. Mill)\u00a0<\/span>\u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0645<\/span>\u00a0(Utilitarianism)\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u067e\u062f\u0631\u0634 \u062c\u06cc\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062c\u0631\u062d \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0648 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0649 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0646\u062f<\/span>.
\n71. See: Hare R. M. Objictive Prescription<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Oxford<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>London<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>1999<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>pp.155 -156.
\n72. Crips and Capple Utilitarianism\\”<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>In: The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>V.9<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.554 -556.
\n73. See: Mill<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>John<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Stuart<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Utilitarianism<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Batch books<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Kitcheners<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>2001<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Ch.2<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.13.
\n74. Quality
\n75.\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0649 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u0647\u0627\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0634 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0649 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 (\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0649<\/span>)\u00a0<\/span>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0630\u0647\u0646\u0649<\/span>\u00a0(Mental State Utilitarianism)\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0631.\u06a9: \u06af\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0634\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c 1379\u060c \u0635206<\/span>.
\n76. Crips and Capple<\/span>\u060c \u0632<\/span>Utilitarianism<\/span>\u0633\u060c\u00a0<\/span>In: The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>V.9<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.553.
\n77. Eudemonistic Utilitarianism
\nSee: Crips and Capple<\/span>\u060c \u0632<\/span>Utilitarianism<\/span>\u0633\u060c\u00a0<\/span>In: The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>V.9<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.552.
\n78. Moral Pluralism
\n79. See: Smart<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>J. J.\u00a0<\/span>\u0632<\/span>Extreme and Ristricted Utilitarianism<\/span>\u0633\u060c\u00a0<\/span>In: Theory Of Ethics<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Edited By Philippe Foot<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Oxford University Press<\/span>\u060c<\/span>\u00a0London Glasgow<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>1979<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.39.
\n80. Qualified
\n81. Moral Pluralism
\n<\/span>\u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0626\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u060c<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/span>\u00a0(Inherently)\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648 \u0622\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u06cc\u0632\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0631\u0644\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0(A. Berlin) ( – 1909)\u00a0<\/span>\u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u06a9\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0649 (\u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627) \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u0649 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0631.\u06a9: \u06af\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0622\u06cc\u0632\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u063568 \u064884<\/span>.
\n82. Naturalistic
\n83. Intuitionism
\n84 .\u00a0<\/span>\u062c\u0649. \u0627\u0649. \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0649 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0632<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0649 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0649 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a. \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0645\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0632 \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/span>.
\n85. Ideal Utilitarianism
\n86 .\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0631\u062e\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0649 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649<\/span>\u00a0(Moral Particularists)\u00a0<\/span>\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0649 \u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0645 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0649 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u0631.\u06a9: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0635\u06cc\u0631\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649\u060c \u0635322 – 323<\/span>.
\n87 .\u00a0<\/span>\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0644<\/span>\u00a0H. Rashdal (1924 – 1858)\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0622\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u062a\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span>\u00a0(Theory of Good)\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f<\/span>.
\n88 .\u00a0<\/span>\u0631.\u06a9: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0631\u06cc\u0686\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c (\u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649) \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0631\u063a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u063416\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 1379\u060c \u0635233 \u0648234<\/span>.
\n89. Interpersonal Comparison Of Utility Problem
\n90 .\u00a0<\/span>\u0647\u0645\u067e\u062a\u0646\u060c \u062c\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0634\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c 1370\u060c \u0635223<\/span>.
\n91. Desire Satisfaction
\n92 .\u00a0<\/span>\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0649 \u062c\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u060c \u0635184 \u064875<\/span>.
\n93 .\u00a0<\/span>\u0631.\u06a9: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0631\u06cc\u0686\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c (\u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649) \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0631\u063a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u063416\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 1379\u060c \u0635233 \u0648234<\/span>.
\n94. Preference Utilitarianism
\n95 .\u00a0<\/span>\u0622\u0631. \u0627\u0645. \u0647\u0631<\/span>\u00a0(Richard Mervin<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Hear)\u00a0<\/span>\u06cc\u06a9\u0649 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0632\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627<\/span>\u00a0(Non Cognitivist)\u00a0<\/span>\u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649<\/span>\u00a0(Prescriptivism)\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/span>\u00a0(Language of Morals)\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span>.
\n96. Preference
\n97. See: Honderich<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Ted<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Oxford Companion to Philosophy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Oxford<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Oxford University Press<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>1995<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.890.
\n98. Preference
\nSee: Hare R. M. Objective Prescription<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>pp.155 -156
\n99. See: Mautner<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Thomas<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>London<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>2000<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.4 -91.
\n<\/span>\u067e\u06cc\u062a\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u0631<\/span>\u00a0(Peter Singer) (1946)\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0651\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0648 \u0639\u0636\u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0649 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647<\/span>\u00a0Latrobe\u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u06cc\u06a9\u0649 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0649<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span>.
\n100 .\u00a0<\/span>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0649 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631<\/span>\u00a0(Expected Utility Theory)\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span>\u00a0(J. F. Neuman)\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0649 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0631.\u06a9: \u0647\u0645\u067e\u062a\u0646\u060c \u062c\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062e\u0634\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c 1370\u060c \u0635223<\/span>.
\n101 .\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0631\u06cc\u0686\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c (\u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0649) \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0635236<\/span>.
\n102. Kenneth Arrow
\n103. Game Theory
\nSee: Hardin<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Russell<\/span>\u060c \u0632<\/span>Game Theory<\/span>\u0633\u060c\u00a0<\/span>in: Encyclopedia of Ethic<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Edited ByLawrence C. Becker and Charlotte<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>B. Becker<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>New York and London<\/span>\u060c<\/span>\u00a0Routledge<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>2001<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>V.1<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.592.
\n104. See: Honderich<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Ted<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>Oxford Companion to Philosophy<\/span>\u060c\u00a0<\/span>p.59.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0633\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0631\u067e\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u0648\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061b \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u200c\u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0642\u0628\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061b \u0627\u0645\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06af\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0622\u0646\u200c\u06a9\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0626\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0632<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0647\u0633\u062a \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u00ab\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u00bb. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u0628<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0633\u067e\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0627 (1637-1677) \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u0633\u067e\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f: \u00ab\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0647\u062a\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u00bb \u0648 \u00ab\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u00bb. \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0645\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06af\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0634\u062f. \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0647\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u062f\u0647\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0645\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0645\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646 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\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0622\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0644\u0630\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0641 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0648 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f<\/span>:
\n<\/span>\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u06cc\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0642\u06cc\u061b \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0641\u06cc\u0647\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0630\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u06cc\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u061b \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0634\u062a \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0686\u0634\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u06cc \u0627\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u06a9\u0648\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u06cc \u0627\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u06cc\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0648 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u06cc\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u0628\u061b \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0633\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u061b \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u067e\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061b \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0646\u062c\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0648<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062e\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc<\/span>.
\n<\/span>\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645(\u0635) \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f<\/span>:
\n<\/span>\u0641\u06cc\u0639\u0637\u06cc\u0647\u0645<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u062a\u0652 \u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0627\u0630\u064f\u0646\u064c \u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0652 \u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u06cc\u062e\u0637\u064f\u0631\u0652 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u061b \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u0647\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0686\u0634\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u060c\u200c \u0646\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0634\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0644\u0628<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0633\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u060c\u0648 \u2026 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627 \u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u06a9\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_edd_button_behavior":[]},"categories":[431,434],"tags":[5366],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hamanandjoo.ir\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19566"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hamanandjoo.ir\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hamanandjoo.ir\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hamanandjoo.ir\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hamanandjoo.ir\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=19566"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/hamanandjoo.ir\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19566\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":128202,"href":"https:\/\/hamanandjoo.ir\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19566\/revisions\/128202"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hamanandjoo.ir\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=19566"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hamanandjoo.ir\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=19566"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hamanandjoo.ir\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=19566"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}